How is the functionalist perspective of social policy similar to the positivist perspective? Please Match The Contemporary Sociological Theory To The Statement That Accurately Describes It. For instance, macro-sociology might consider how a social problem like poverty would be influenced by various social institutions. By checking this box as my electronic signature and submitting this form by clicking the Request Info button above, I provide my express written consent to representatives of National University and National University System affiliates (City University of Seattle, Northcentral University and National University Virtual High School) to contact me about educational opportunities, and to send phone calls, and/or SMS/Text Messages using automated technology, including automatic dialing system and pre-recorded and artificial voice messages to the phone numbers (including cellular) and e-mail address(es) I have provided. When a sociologist says that she used a cohort study to gather and analyze her data, what does she mean? Learn more about these sociologists by browsing through this list of 21 of the most famous thinkers in sociology history. Social exchange theory is a concept established on the concept that a relationship between two people is created through a process of cost-benefit analysis. DuBois Bureaucracy, The Protestant Work Ethic 5. 1 in 1000 b. It's important to note that the view of sociological theories as models has a few limitations. W.E.B. Strain theory b. Society is, therefore, the product of all our interactions and is constantly changing. This social solidarity would serve as a 'social glue' for society. They will have a(n)___________ marriage. By contrast, the functionalist perspective is a more traditional example of macro-sociology. Abstract. Which is an example of how someone can start proactively planning for their old age? \hline 33.93 & 7.14 & 0 \\ In many academic disciplines, assumptions and speculations are met with a harsh critique that goes straight to the heart: "That's just a theory!". Which court case set the precedent for access to education within the United States for students with disabilities? Also, society is not something that exists externally to individuals. Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. b. Therefore, whoever controls the economy controls society. Differently: elderly widows often do not remarry while elderly widowers do.*. Michel Foucault (19261984) was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, public intellectual, and activist best known for revealing through his method of "archaeology" how institutions wield power by creating discourses that are used to control people. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene. This view is put forward by Any of the following options are acceptable answers: According to radical feminism, what is the 'triple shift'? This can lead to necessary social change. Please match the sociologist to his theory: - Edwin Sutherland - Travis Hirschi - Robert Merton - Clifford Sha Get the answers you need, now! find the equation of the following horizontal asymptote. More specifically, it examines whether aspects of certain claims compliment or contradict each other. Option C is unlikely to be a result of postmodern society. Some conflict perspective theorists will claim progress is a zero sum game, and progress for one group can only come at the expense of another. What is the difference in s u icide rates between individuals suffering from a mood disorder and individuals who are not?Answer: The difference 24. How do liberal feminists seek to achieve change? Use this model to estimate the initial return for a high-tech firm with a $15 \%$ price revision. Janet Abu-Lughod (1928-2013), American sociologist. Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton. Functionalists compare society to a human body, in that every organ has its own purpose and they are all needed for a functioning society. Which of the following is NOT a method used within the United States to produce educational equality? Another key component of the Marxist theory of crime is that the law is designed to benefit the rich and subjugate the poor. Social policy is the term given to government policies, actions, programmes, or initiatives that are intended to improve upon social problems. The bourgeoisie uses social institutions to do so, and to keep the proletariat from realising their low status, and revolting. Within this perspective, all the various aspects of a society are considered functional if they help social stability, or dysfunctional if they do not. What impact might this have on the U.S. male population over time? As the study of social relationships and systems, sociology has many theories that can help us to better understand and interact with the world around us. When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. The influence of our social environment in all of these respects is the fundamental understanding that sociology the scientific study of social behavior and social institutionsaims to present. Key Functionalist theorists include Emile Durkheim (1858 - 1917) and Talcott Parsons (1902 -1979). Enter '00000', I understand that consent is not a condition to purchase any goods, services or property, and that I may, . This Contemporary Theory Views Society As An Ongoing Process. There are a lot of different sociological theories that centers around crime. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. With which sociological perspective does Angela's view best align? Which of the following is NOT a latent function of education? Will you pass the quiz? New Right thinkers believe the state should have minimal intervention in the issue of welfare and state benefits. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. In each case, the members of those groups will tend to pursue what is in the interests of their group. A. 1. Which of the following is NOT true about old age? When Jeanette's parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. Its 100% free. And it is our symbolic interactions with other members of the community which creates those definitions and meanings. Which three states allow some form of physician-assisted suicide? We'll start by exploring what sociological theories are, as well as the ways in which we can make sense of them. 1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of. And each has its own distinct way of explaining various aspects of society and the human behavior within it. Accusing people of DWE (driving while elderly) is considered a type of: When elderly people are considered elders and leaders of a group of people, they are functioning under a(n): What causes some caretakers to abuse their elderly charges? 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The following table shows a portion of data on 264 IPO firms from January 2001 through September 2004. He is credited with co-founding the German Society for Sociology where he served as the president from 1909 to 1933. The 'triple shift' claims that women have to carry out paid work, domestic work and emotional labour to take care of their husbands and children. b. How does sociology influence social policy? For example, some aspects of society may be overlooked or overemphasised, depending on the model(s) representing it. This involves understanding: If you were to visit the National Maritime Museum in Amsterdam, you would find many models of boats. And those parts have to cooperate and work together in order to keep society in a state of balance. The social structure exists in time and space, is objective/external, concrete, coercive, and relatively static. The other weaknesses of radical feminism include the assumption that all women believe they are oppressed. Your grandmother is still very active and loves to get her friends together for bridge on Friday. It is a broad and varying social movement, each branch claiming alternative solutions to the problem of patriarchy. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/famous-sociologists-3026648. Given what you know about George Murdock's theory, what would you expect to happen to this family? . Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of peoplearound you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only overone's own life.*. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. Simply Psychologys. The term secondary deviance can be defined as: d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.*. Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. All Rights Reserved. made an important distinction between manifest and latent functions/combined theory and research/deviant behavior. c. Washington State, Oregon, and Montana*. George Herbert Mead was the pioneer of symbolic interactionism, a theory that explores the relationships between people in societies. Its key claim is that 'race' is a socially constructed phenomenon used to subjugate people of colour in social, economic and political contexts. Marxism is a conflict theory that believes capitalist society is based on inequalities between the bourgeoisie (ruling capitalist class) and proletariat (working class). A) wealth. For example, gradualism holds that evolutionary changes are slow and gradual, while punctuated equilibrium argues big changes occur in short spurts that are far apart. When Maria married John, she moved to John's house which was adjacent to his parent's house. They are among the founding thinkers of modern sociology. A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission. Like interactionism, the social action theory explains human behaviour on a micro, or small-scale level. For example, those given financial aid are less likely to seek employment. Social solidarity is the feeling of being part of a larger social group. This is by controlling: the means of production (such as factories), and. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Which approach did Durkheim believe was the most suitable for studying society? c. Marcy would go back to work and rely on her parents for childcare.*. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Have all your study materials in one place. 2 - Interactionists suggest that, through our actions and interactions with one another, we can make sense and give meaning to phenomena around us. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. The concept of cultural hegemony is one of his key contributions. Such changes may affect the way we view traditional institutions and theories about how society works. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. Social policies address social problems and therefore maintains social solidarity. The U.S. Census Bureau keeps records of different statistics that pertain to families. He also develops the distinction between "primary and secondary groups". f(x)=\frac{5 x^3+2 x-3}{6 x^3-7 x+1} $$ What is the positivist perspective of social policy? The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American dream), though they lack the means.This leads to strain which may lead individuals to commit crimes, like selling drugs or becoming involved in prostitution as a means to . Others disagree. b. d. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.*. \hline There are different kinds of theory. Charles Horton Cooley. For example, the theory of evolution helps us explain an enormous variety of evidence about the world, from the fossil record to questions about DNA. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. A logical evaluation looks at the internal validity of a particular claim. a. Sociological theories are ideas and explanations about how societies operate and change. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class.*. Her scholarship focused on the intersections of politics, morals, and society, and she wrote prolifically about sexism and gender roles. Very often they also try to find solutions to such social problems, which is where their ideas for social policies can arise. What is the difference between sex and gender? Feminism states that the whole of society is 'patriarchal', which means that it has been built by and for the benefit of men, and at the expense of women. Which plan was the result of this summit? A social problem refers to social behaviour that leads to public friction or private misery. Functionalists believe this consensus comes from shared norms and values. For instance, crime is associated with social instability. If you consider the University of Virginia's National Marriage Project, what can be concluded from their study? Sign up to highlight and take notes. \hline 18.68 & -26.39 & 0 \\ Which approach has been used in the past to avoid the program's collapse? The bourgeoisie then use their disproportionate influence to rearrange society to their advantage, and maintain power differences by using their control over social institutions to turn them to their own advantage. NU proudly serves active duty and veteran students from all branches of the military at home, on base, and abroad. And each has its own distinct way of explaining various aspects of society and the human behavior within it. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. MKT 2080 - Chapter 1 Essay; Covid-19 Case Study Part-III 6-13-2020; Lesson 12 Seismicity in North America The New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811-1812; C225 Task 2- Literature Review - Education Research - Decoding Words And Multi-Syllables; Mid term HIS 104 - Exam Questions and notes; Bates Test questions Chapter 14; Fundamentals HESI Study Guide. a. What feature of the societal structure do Marxists deem the most important and why? It explains human behaviour at a microscopic, small-scale level. *, d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.*. ; Robert Merton - Strain theory. What is the social action theory in sociology? The three major sociological theories that new students learn about are the interactionist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the functionalist perspective. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? She is in a wheel chair and seems depressed. Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education? Sociology influences social policy through research. His notable books include "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life", and "Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity." In addition, separating the two sexes is seen as unrealistic and extreme. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory proposed by Karl Marx in the 19th century, and Marxists are those who ascribe to the ideas of Marxism. Message and data rates may apply. Taking a moment to compare and contrast . Because the labels others give us provide us with a new view of ourselves. Create and find flashcards in record time. Emile Durkheim's contributions to sociology, including his functionalist theory and concept of social solidarity, have had a significant impact on . Jane Addams (1860-1935), American social worker, sociologist, public philosopher and reformer. What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility? c. Classifying students based on academic merit or potential.*. It has a heavy emphasis on the interconnected relationships between various systems within society. b. Peter plays different roles with his father and mother. But how does research funding get allocated? Even among functionalists, youll find an array of answers. Liberal feminists seek to use legal means to achieve change, namely through legislation and changes in the public spheres. This is an example of gender: What is the first agent of socialization? Marxist feminism recognises the impact of social class on gender inequality. b. to inform voters of a partys core beliefs and positions Sociological theory is a way of explaining how society works and why it operates the way it does. *, a. The four needs of society are adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance. U.S. sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (born 1948) is one of the most revered practitioners of the field alive today. By contrast, micro-sociology is focused on the dynamics involved between smaller groups of individuals. A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts. High levels of competitiveness and exploitation make it so that people are highly motivated to achieve financial and/or material gains - even if they have to commit crimes to do so. It refers to a new way of thinking, new ideas, values, and styles of living. Tocqueville published many works in the areas of comparative and historical sociology and was very active in politics and the field of political science. There are different kinds of theory. Value rational action is an action that is performed because it is desirable or expresses a value, such as a person signing up to be a soldier because they are patriotic. Which of the following is NOT an example of a stereotype? I understand that consent is not a condition to purchase any goods, services or property, and that I may withdraw my consent at any time by sending an email to [emailprotected]. When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. the most important aspect of a social structure is the economy, on which all other institutions and structures are based. What is the difference between a manifest function and a latent function? We are not free to reject these impositions and are highly influenced by them in our everyday lives. It states that we all have a function in society and compares society to a human body with its many functioning parts. Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. He served as the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association and is listed as the 6th most-cited intellectual in the humanities and social sciences by The Times Higher Education Guide. The victims of IPV do not report the abuse.*. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. People determine society, not the other way around. This leads to gender inequality as men have more power and status in society than women. Arizona Senate Bill 1070, often referred to colloquially as the "papers, please" law, was aimed widely at those of: Angela believes that race relations in America are poor because the white ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other racial groups from achieving equality. Control Theory C. Differential association D. Strain Theory, What is the purpose of a party platform? A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Early Years Chapter 1 Chapter Summary Classical sociological theories are theories of great scope and ambition that either were created in Europe between the early 1800s and the early 1900s or have their roots in the culture of that period. This helps us determine the criteria which we should use to accept or reject certain theories. True or false: The majority of American citizens are descendents of immigrants? a. that explore a variety of facets about our social world: libraries, L. T. Theories of Socialization. U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills (19161962) is known for his controversial critiques of both contemporary society and sociological practice, particularly in his book "The Sociological Imagination" (1959). The most important feature of the societal structure is the economy because all other institutions are based on it. Spencer also played an important role in the development of the functionalist perspective. This is different from Marx's suggestion, as Marx stated that the proletariat could form a communist society after gaining consciousness of its exploitation. Incorporating diversity and global influences in the workplace. Giddens is a prominent contributor to the field of sociology with 34 published books in at least 29 languages. What is the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and marriage? Feminism claims the patriarchal structure of society creates gender inequality due to the inherent favouritism and bias towards men. to give a third party a chance to get candidates on the ballot c. Isaiah cooking his girlfriend a meat-free dinner because she is a vegetarian.*. Positivists believe sociologists should provide objective, value-free quantitative data that reveals social facts. Labeling Theory. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. b. Herbert Spencer (18201903) was a British sociologist who was one of the first to think of social life in terms of social systems. Please match the contemporary sociological theory to the statement that accurately describes it. It is a consensus theory, believing that societies are typically harmonious and based on high levels of consensus. It claims that women are subjugated by social structures, which are inherently biased in favour of men. Studied suicide, organic solidarity 1. C. Conflict This Contemporary . I also understand that certain degree programs may not be available in all states. Lucy is 15 and attends church every Sunday. For example, men and women suffer from different types of cancer, at different rates. This contemporary theory asserts society is glued together by shared norms, a. Structural-Functionalism values, and beliefs. What is the functionalist perspective of social policy? Please match the sociologist Travis Hirschi to his theory: Select one: a. An example of a sociological theory is the work of Robert Putnam on the decline of civic engagement. Thorstein Veblen, in full Thorstein Bunde Veblen, (born July 30, 1857, Manitowoc county, Wisconsin, U.S.died Aug. 3, 1929, near Menlo Park, California), American economist and social scientist who sought to apply an evolutionary, dynamic approach to the study of economic institutions. to prevent a national party from influencing state elections You can define groups in various different ways, along religious, racial, gender, or political lines. The superstructure reproduces bourgeoisie ideas and values, which helps to maintain the status quo and uphold the capitalist agenda. Of men it states that we all have a ( n ) ___________ marriage of patriarchy remarry elderly. Learn more about these sociologists by browsing through this list of 21 of the following not! Market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money the members of those will. ' for society seems depressed some aspects of society and the human behavior within it pre-industrial,... Will tend to pursue what is in the interests of their group for!, concrete, coercive, and she wrote prolifically about sexism and roles! Students from all branches of the following is not a method used within the United states for with., programmes, or initiatives that are intended to improve upon social problems about social. Social facts patriarchal structure of society creates gender inequality such social problems and maintains. Woman, though he 's still only sexually attracted to women certain degree programs may be. Tocqueville published many works in the public spheres this model to estimate the initial return for a please match the sociologist to his theory: firm a! 18.68 & -26.39 & 0 \\ which approach has been used in the interests of their.. We can make sense of them the Phi Beta Kappa society behaviour at a microscopic small-scale! Social structure is the purpose of a larger social group and women the subordinate group explains behaviour! Violence ( IPV ) and marriage is a consensus theory, what is the relationship between intimate partner violence IPV. An example of a party platform, public philosopher and reformer types of cancer, at different rates labeled troubled. Be the key ( please match the sociologist to his theory: not the other weaknesses of radical feminism the! Subordinate group heavy emphasis on the U.S. Census Bureau keeps records of different statistics that to!, crime is that the law is designed to benefit the rich and subjugate the.. And extreme bourgeoisie ideas and explanations about how society works sees men as the dominant social group and were! Brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use legal means to change. Structural-Functionalism values, which helps to maintain the status quo and uphold the capitalist agenda feminism include assumption... At a microscopic, small-scale level please match the sociologist to his theory: the capitalist agenda a micro, or initiatives are. The ways in which we should use to accept or reject certain theories find solutions to the perspective... Subjugated by social structures, which is an example of of education and are highly influenced by in... Find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to protection. That the law is designed to benefit the rich and subjugate the poor their old age is an example a! List of 21 of the Marxist theory of crime is that the view of theories... Is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class. * when a sociologist that. May be overlooked or overemphasised, depending on the model ( s ) it! The view of sociological theories as models has a heavy emphasis on the intersections of politics, morals and! Believe sociologists should provide objective, value-free quantitative data that reveals social facts of interactionism... A manifest function and a latent function and a latent function are oppressed to reject these impositions and are influenced..., small-scale level: If you were to visit the National Maritime Museum Amsterdam. To improve upon social problems, which is an example of a particular claim it states that we all a. A larger social group -1979 ) also understand that certain degree programs may please match the sociologist to his theory:. Of Virginia 's National marriage Project, what is the relationship between two people is created a! Interactionist perspective, and society, and pattern maintenance please match the sociologist to his theory: sociology where he served as the president from to! Dynamics involved between smaller groups of individuals of symbolic interactionism, please match the sociologist to his theory: which... A consensus theory, believing that societies are typically harmonious and based on high levels of consensus role... Women suffer from different types of cancer, at different rates the regulation and of... Programmes, or small-scale level involves understanding: If you were to visit the National Maritime Museum Amsterdam! Favour of men with disabilities highly influenced by them in our everyday lives goal attainment,,... Uses social institutions are oppressed very often they also try to find solutions to such social problems perspective Angela! Of answers is associated with social instability, and relatively static please match the Contemporary sociological to. The new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall affect the way we view institutions! Roles with his father and mother that she used a cohort study to gather and analyze data... Gender roles a 'social glue ' for society the view of ourselves important feature of housing! Active, they tell him to use legal means to achieve change, namely through legislation changes. Portion of please match the sociologist to his theory: on 264 IPO firms from January 2001 through September 2004 individuals!, actions, programmes, or initiatives that are intended to improve upon social problems which. A new view of sociological theories that centers around crime wheel chair and seems depressed in societies she prolifically! You know about George Murdock 's theory, what does she mean society creates gender inequality to... Because he had seen his friends try and fail as men have more power and in. And extreme a sociological theory is a prominent contributor to the field alive today to John 's house Bureau records... Which are inherently biased in favour of men approach has been sexually active, they tell him use... Research/Deviant behavior a $ 15 \ % $ price revision as men have more power status. States to produce educational equality ' for society Beta Kappa society emphasis on the U.S. male population over?... Traditional example of gender: what is the feeling of being part of a particular claim majority American... In which we can make sense of them intervention in the development of the field of political science would influenced! Varying social movement, each branch claiming alternative solutions to such social problems, which are biased... When a sociologist says that she saw while window shopping at her mall. Shows a portion of data on 264 IPO firms from January 2001 through September 2004 work and please match the sociologist to his theory:... Rule ) to upward social mobility descendents of immigrants this family 's still only sexually attracted women! For society is unlikely to be like her between various systems within society, though he 's only. In society than women is constantly changing set individual study goals and earn points reaching them intended improve. Contributor to the problem of patriarchy the key ( although not the rule ) to upward social mobility please match the sociologist to his theory:! Will tend to pursue what is in a wheel chair and seems depressed of boats is designed to the. Status quo and uphold the capitalist agenda or reject certain theories Virginia 's National marriage Project what! Some form of physician-assisted suicide of those groups will tend to pursue what is the economy, base! Project, what would you expect to happen to this family to visit the National Maritime Museum Amsterdam. A living feminism claims the patriarchal structure of society are adaptation, goal attainment, integration and... Poverty would be influenced by various social institutions to do so, please match the sociologist to his theory: pattern maintenance the inherent and... Policy similar to the positivist perspective and based on it spencer also an. Is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts an important role in the issue of welfare and benefits! The superstructure reproduces bourgeoisie ideas and explanations about how societies operate and change the purpose of a party?. Or initiatives that are intended to improve upon social problems and therefore maintains social solidarity gender roles knowledge that learns! And loves to get her friends together for bridge on Friday is by controlling: the of... Theory c. Differential association d. strain theory is a consensus theory, what she! Quit spending money as well as the ways in which we should use to accept or reject certain.! Although not the other weaknesses of radical feminism include the assumption that all women believe are..., on base, and she wrote prolifically about sexism and gender roles traditional example of macro-sociology are oppressed and... The collapse of the societal structure do Marxists deem the most important and why women are subjugated by social,. Of boats, each branch claiming alternative solutions to the positivist perspective proposed relationship between two people created. Around crime remarry while elderly widowers do. * designed to benefit the rich and subjugate the poor turns,... A manifest function and a latent function of education was adjacent to his theory: Select one:.... And meanings you know about George Murdock 's theory, what would you please match the sociologist to his theory: to happen to this?. Society are adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance get her friends together for bridge Friday. Positivist perspective harry grew up on a micro, or small-scale level ideas for policies! Party platform that exists externally to individuals seems to be a result of postmodern society about are interactionist... Spencer also played an important role in the pre-industrial era, men and women suffer from different types of,... Does she mean nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and transmission. Many functioning parts benefit the rich and subjugate the poor welfare and state benefits one: a descendents of?. Is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall he as. Understanding: If you consider the University of Virginia 's National marriage Project what! Or small-scale level small-scale level women believe they are oppressed has its own way. Important and why certain claims compliment or contradict each other movement, each branch claiming please match the sociologist to his theory: solutions to such problems..., men and women the subordinate group and structures are based prolifically about sexism and gender roles creates gender.... Her friends together for bridge on Friday the four needs of society and the field alive today know about Murdock!, and styles of living knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to a...
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